Basque etymology : Query result

Proto-Basque: *śa-ɦarde

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ́1 large rake or harrow 2 rake 3 pitchfork (w/ 3 prongs) 4 pitchfork (w/ 2 prongs) 5 pitchfork (general) 6 (table-, dinner-) fork

Bizkaian: sarda 1, 5

Gipuzkoan: sarde 2, (Andoain) 4, 6

High Navarrese: sarda 1, sarde 2, (Goizueta) sarde 4

Low Navarrese: sarde 2

Salazarese: sardei 5

Lapurdian: saharde 2, (Sara, Ainhoa) 4, (Sara) 6, (Sara) sardeska 6

Baztanese: sarda 1, sarde 4

Zuberoan: sárde 2, 3, sardieta 6, (arc) saharte 4

Roncalese: sarde 4

Comments: If Bsq *-ɦarde is related to PEC *jă[l]ƛwV, the segment *śa- indicates some kind of compound word (there is no Bsq prefix *śa-), perhaps a haplologic compound with Bsq *śarha-tu 'to clear land', i.e. *śarha-ɦarde > *śáɦarde (?), suggested by the meaning 'rake'. The oldest meanings denote various kinds of wooden implements, with varying numbers of wooden prongs or tines, with 'dinner fork' being the most recent. ZBR sardieta was apparently blended with Rom. (cf. Fr. fourchette).

Proto-Basque: *saka-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 rough, coarse, rude 2 lewd, immodest 3 crust (on skin), scab 4 scraps, rubbish 5 husk (of wheat)

Bizkaian: zakar 1, 4

Gipuzkoan: zakar 1, 4

High Navarrese: zakar 3, 4

Low Navarrese: zakar 3

Salazarese: zakar 5

Lapurdian: zakhar 1, 3

Baztanese: zakar 1, 2

Zuberoan: zákhar 3

Roncalese: zakar 4, 5

Comments: The Bsq word is much like PY *sa(ʔ)kar- 'hard, tough' in form and meaning.

Proto-Basque: *saki

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 tibia, shin-bone 2 nape 3 ham 4 lean part of bacon

Bizkaian: bernazaki, bernatzaki 1, urdantzaki 3, 4

Gipuzkoan: lepatzaki 2, urdantzaki 4

High Navarrese: lepazaki, lepatzaki 2

Low Navarrese: lepazaki 2

Lapurdian: bernazaki 1, lepazaki 2, (Ainhoa) bermatzaki 1

Baztanese: bernazaki 1, lepazaki 2

Zuberoan: lepazaki 2

Roncalese: lepazaki 2

Comments: Azkue interpreted *zaki (our *saki) as 'bone', appearing only in compounds, here with *lepo 'neck', *urde 'pig', and berna 'calf (of leg)' (< Lat. perna).

Proto-Basque: *saku-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dog 2 big dog 3 little dog, puppy

Bizkaian: txakur 1

Gipuzkoan: zakur 2, txakur 3, (Goierri) 1

High Navarrese: (Lezaka) zakur 1, 2, (Lezaka) xakur 3, txakur 3

Low Navarrese: xakur 3

Salazarese: zakur 2

Lapurdian: xakur 3

Baztanese: zakur 2, xakur, txakur 3

Zuberoan: txákür 3

Roncalese: zakur 2, xakur 3

Comments: *čakur̄ / *šakur̄ was originally the diminutive form, but has lost that connotation in some dialects and become the default word for 'dog'. With metathesis, cf. Sp. cachorro 'puppy', Port. cachorro 'dog' (hardly < Lat. catulus!).

Proto-Basque: *śale

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 net(work) 2 grill in front of manger 3 manger 4 sheepfold, barn

Bizkaian: sare, sale 1, 2, sal-etxe 4

Gipuzkoan: sare 1, saroi, sal-etxe 4, (Andoain) sarobe 4

High Navarrese: sare 1, 2, saroe, saroi 4, (Erroibar) sario 4

Low Navarrese: sare 1, 3, saroi 4

Salazarese: saure 4

Lapurdian: sare 1, (Ainhoa) saroi 4

Baztanese: sare 2

Aezkoan: sario 4

Zuberoan: sare 1, sarĩ 4

Roncalese: sare 1, saroĩ 4

Comments: In compounds, e.g. BZK burdin-sare 'iron grill', etc. Words of the type saroi, saroe, saure, sarobe are < *sar- + *ohe 'bed' (q.v.); sal-etxe, see Bsq *e=će 'house'.

Proto-Basque: *śama

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: neck, throat

Bizkaian: sama

Gipuzkoan: (sama)

Comments: Cf. PEC *š_VmV / *mVš_V 'edge, spine'. This word also occurs in compounds: sama-ko min ‘angina’, sama-ste ‘gullet’ (‘beginning of the neck’), sama-zulo ‘gullet’ (‘neck hole’), etc. Azkue denotes this word as BZK, but also remarks that the Gipuzkoan writer Joan Antonio Mogel (Moguel, 18th c.) used it.

Proto-Basque: *sama-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 fleece, shorn wool 2 zamarra (animal hide used as raincoat) 3 mane 4 (men's) jacket or vest 5 blouse 6 apron worn by reapers

Bizkaian: txamarra 6

Gipuzkoan: txamarra 6

Low Navarrese: xamar 5, (Amikuse, Hazparren) zamar 1, 2, (Baigorri) txamarra 5

Salazarese: zamar 2, txamarra 6

Lapurdian: xamar 5, (Ainhoa) txamar 5

Baztanese: zamar 1, 2, xamar 4

Zuberoan: zã́mãr 2, 3, xã́mãr 5

Roncalese: zamar 2, txamarra 6

Comments: *čamar̄(a) is a diminutive/expressive form of *samar̄, and the source of Sp. chamarra 'wool or sheepskin jacket', etc.

Proto-Basque: *śami-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bitter 2 pungent, piquant, spicy 3 hot-tempered, angry

Bizkaian: samin 1

Gipuzkoan: samin 1

Low Navarrese: samin 1, 2, 3

Salazarese: samin 3

Lapurdian: samin 1, 2

Baztanese: samin 2, 3

Zuberoan: samin 1, 2, 3

Comments: Aulestia & White cite the meanings: "n. pain, suffering, affliction. adj. bitter, sour. adj. painful, offensive, bitter, angry." Cf. PNC *c̣ĕmhV ~ *c̣wĕnhV ‘salt’. The semantic relation of ‘salt’ ~ ‘bitter’ ~ ‘sour’ is common: cf. Lett. sūrs ‘salt(y), bitter’, Lith. sūrus ‘salt(y)’ ~ Eng. sour, and other examples.

Proto-Basque: *san-ko

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 leg 2 calf (of leg) 3 foot 4 paw 5 tibia 6 heel-bone 7 stalk, stem

Bizkaian: zanko 2, 7

Gipuzkoan: zanko, zango 2, 4, 7, zankar, zangar 5, 6

High Navarrese: zango 1, zangar 5

Low Navarrese: zango 1

Salazarese: zango 1

Lapurdian: zango 1, 3, zangar 4, 5

Baztanese: zango 3, zangar 5

Zuberoan: zankho 1, 2, 7

Roncalese: zanko 2, zankar 1

Comments: Apparently < PSC *sɨ̄́nŏ + (diminutive) *-ḳV. Bouda (1948) compared Bsq zanko, zango + Lak s:an 'foreleg'. The commonly supposed derivation from Old Persian zanga ‘leg’ (REW, etc.) is historically and geographically fanciful. As can be seen, this word is deeply embedded in Bsq and apparently has a long history in the language. Vasconic > Spanish > Italian is much more plausible.

Proto-Basque: *śapa-r̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bramble, thicket 2 brush, undergrowth 3 kermes oak 4 scrub of evergreen oak or holm oak 5 hedge, fence

Low Navarrese: sapar 1, saparr-ondo 1, (Amikuse) saphar 5

Salazarese: txaparro 4

Lapurdian: (Bardos) saphar 5

Roncalese: txapar 2, 3

Comments: A northeastern Bsq (Pyrenean) etymon. SAL and RNC forms with expressive palatal /č/. This word is the source of Spanish chaparro 'low bushy oak', chaparral 'oak thicket'.

Proto-Basque: *śaśi

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 bramble, thorn 2 bramble bush, thicket

Bizkaian: sasi 1

Gipuzkoan: sasi 1

High Navarrese: sasi 1, 2

Low Navarrese: sasi 1

Lapurdian: sasi 1, 2

Comments: Oihenart (17th c.) cited the archaic Bsq form çarci = zarzi [sarsi]; Bsq (Vasconic) is the likely source of Span. zarza, Port. sarça. These forms (and Burushaski *ćhaṣ ‘buckthorn’) suggest that the word originally had two different sibilants, later assimilated in most SC languages: Bsq *śarsi > *śaśi.

Proto-Basque: *seden

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 weevil (of wheat, maize) 2 wood worm, wood borer 3 pork worm (Trichinella) 4 moth (larva)

Bizkaian: zeden 1, 2, zeren 2, 4, (Markina) zegen 2

Gipuzkoan: zeden 1, 3, (Andoain) zeren 1, (Ordizia) zegen 2

High Navarrese: zeden 3

Lapurdian: zeden 1, 3

Roncalese: zeden 1

Comments: The forms zeren and zegen are by irregular expressive changes, common in words for insects and other small creatures.Cf. PNC *sindV 'a k. of insect' (moth, tick, spider).

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